Neoclassical 1895-1950

Neoclassical houses, like Early Classical Revival houses, always have full height entry porches, which are sometimes full width and sometimes not. However, the columns of Neoclassical houses are usually Ionic or Corinthian, while ECR and Greek Revival columns tend to be Doric. Also, the doors of Neoclassical houses tend to have pediments, detailing above the door that is in the shape of a triangle or half circle, sometimes with a break at the top.

a pediment
Neoclassical houses look newer and bigger than Greek Revival houses.

According to the Field Guide, "This revival of interest in classical models dates from the World's Columbian Exposition, held in Chicago in 1893. The expositions planners mandated a classical theme, and many of the best known architects of the day designed dramatic colonnaded buildings arranged around a central court. The exposition was widely photographed, reported, and attended; soon these neoclassical models became the latest fashion throughout the country."

world's columbian exposition
And there you have it. We've wrapped up Ancient Classical architecture and its descendents, and now we will move on to the next major influence on American architecture: Gothic.

:-)

AV

Early Classical Revival 1770-1830

Early classical revival is easy to distinguish from earlier colonial styles by the presence of a full height entry portico supporting a central cross gable on a otherwise side gabled house.

Ok. What does that mean?

A portico is a porch. The fact that it is full height means that it is as tall as the house. If the house is two stories tall, it is two stories tall, not one story.
And as for the business about the gables...

Most roofs are in the shape of a triangular prism. The two triangles are called gables. Sometimes, the gable is in the front facing the street, and the entry is under the gable. That is called a front gabled house. Sometimes the gables are on the sides and the door is under the non gabled side. That is called side gabled.

In this case, the house has a third gable in the center. The porch supports the gable and the door is under the porch. The house is always symetrical, unless it has been remodeled.

Anyway, the porch of an early classical revival house has four columns, which are usually Doric (remember?)

Early Classical Revival houses always have a fanlight over the door (which, by the way, is in the center of the facade, under the porch/gable.) A fanlight is a semi-circular glass window that looks -you guessed it -like a fan. The preceding colonial style Adam has fanlights, but the later Greek revival style does not.

a fanlight

Another difference between Early Classical Revival and Greek Revival is that Greek Revival houses have, according to my trusty Field Guide to American Houses, "a wide band of trim at the cornice (where the walls meet the roof)" while ECR houses have a much smaller band.

ECR houses are not easy to find. Not only does their age mean that many examples have been distroyed or remodeled beyond recognition, but they were uncommon even when they were first built. However, if you are looking for some ECR architecture, your best bet is the South, especially Virginia. The most famous ECR house in the country is Monticello, designed by Thomas Jefferson, who was an advocate for the style.

Next up: Greek Revival

:-)

AV

Interpretations of Classical Architecture

As far as I can tell, there are two main impulses in western architecture. The first is classical, rational, and universal, while the other is gothic, romantic, and local.
At different times in history, people have valued the ideas that one of these two style types represent.
Here's a summary of major architectural eras in history.
Greeks/Romans (Classic)
Middle Ages (Gothic)
Renaissance (Classic)
Romanticism (Gothic)
Modernism (Classic)
Eclecticism (Gothic)
Right now, I'm talking about the classical impulse. Classical architecture has been seen by architectural thinkers of the past as representative of an ideal, pure, and universal beauty. The Greeks and Romans didn't just throw a pillar here and a pediment there - their temples were built with careful attention to mathematical principles of proportion. The idea that beauty was not something objective and fleeting, but was real and rational, was a strong idea. Other ideas associated with classicism are openness, calmness, social exchange, and the human's triumph over the natural world. The beauty seen in a Greek or Roman temple is not unlike the beauty someone really good at math sees in a successful proof, or a baseball fan sees in a well executed double play.
In addition, in America, classical architecture was connected to our pride in our democracy. Architecture has always had an element of propaganda in it, and it makes sense that the founders of America would want their grand public buildings to resemble the temples of history's other great democracy. In such an uncertain time, when no one was sure how long this whole 'democracy' thing was going to last, it's not suprising that people wanted buildings that looked like they would last thousands of years, that gave them a sense of security and confidence and historical back-up.
The fact that Greek revival, symbolic of democracy and equality, would become the chosen style of slave plantations in the south is, of course, ironic.
Another funny thing: you know how I was talking about the purity and simplicity that is associated with Classicism? Turns out, all those perfectly white temples were actually painted with bright colors originally. Funny how what we think the classical era was is more important then what it really was.
Next up: a discussion of the three classical styles and how to identify them. Then we're moving on to Gothic. I promise.

:-)

AV

Classical Architecture

Greek/Roman architecture, specifically the temple, has had a signifigant impact on American architecture. The first thing anyone learns about Classical architecture is that there were three orders of temples, which really means that there are three kinds of pillars. The oldest and plainest is Doric. Doric pillars have tops (capitals) without any decoration, and they go straight into the ground without a seperate base. The second is Ionic, which has two swirly things (volutes) at the top which have been discribed as looking like scrolls, eyes, or seashells. It is thinner than Doric. The third order is used more often by the Romans than the Greeks, and is called Corinthian. The capitals of Corinthian pillars are very elaborate and look like they are covered with leaves (acanthus leaves, technically.)
I spent some time this year reading a translation of Vitruvius' Ten Books on Architecture (I know that sounds pretty intimitating, but the books are more chapter length than anything.) There are lots of advantages to reading about the architecture of the past from a primary source, and one main one is that they can be hilarious. Vitruvius, for example, explains the quality of different kinds of timber based on the amount of each of the four elements in the wood. We learn that fir trees have a lot of air and fire, but little water or earth. Oak has mostly earth and little of the other three. And so on. He describes how to position a town so that certain winds will not get in and make the people sick. A great deal of energy is spent, in the chapter on proportion, explaining why some people in ancient Greece/Rome think the Perfect Number is ten and some people think that it is six. See? Hilarious.
Anyway, Vitruvius has an interesting explanation of the difference between Doric and Ionic. "On finding that, in a man, the foot was one sixth the height, they applied the same principle to the column, and reared the shaft [long part] including the capital, to a height six times its thickness at its base. Thus the Doric column, as used in buildings, began to exhibit the proportions, strength, and beauty of a man. Just so afterwards, when they desired to construct a temple to Diana [goddess of hunt/moon/maidens etc] in a new style of beauty, they translated these footprints into terms characteristic of the slenderness of women [...] In the capital they placed the volutes, hanging down at the right and left like curly ringlets, and ornamented its front with cymatia [some sort of decorative motif resembling a wave] and with festoons [good word! a festoon is a garland of leaves or flowers, to festoon means to decorate. Maybe connected to festive? sorry I'm a word geek] arranged in place of hair, while they brought the flutes down the whole shaft, falling like the folds in the robes worn by matrons. Thus in the invention of two different kinds of columns, they borrowed manly beauty, naked and unadorned, for the one, and for the other the delicacy, adornment, and proportions characteristic of women." He goes on to explain how the Corinthian is supposed to be even slenderer than the Ionic, and represent a younger girl, and how supposedly the architect Callimachus got the idea when he saw the acanthus root growing on the grave of a maiden.
I think we've about wrapped up the backround discussion of Greek and Roman architecture. I don't know who's more tired at this point, the writer or the reader. So I will leave the discussion of the influence of classical temples on American houses to another time.

:-)

AV

*Footnote* The definitions in this blog came from http://www.thefreedictionary.com/. The summary of the three orders came from http://www.ancientgreece.com/. The references to The Ten Books on Architecture by Vitruvius came from my copy, which was translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. The image came from http://www.planetware.com/.

An Introduction

The purpose of this blog is to discuss the theories and styles of architecture in America. I'd like to explain more, but you'd probably rather see for yourself what my blog is, so here goes.
I would like to give full credit to the authors of "A Field Guide to American Houses," a book without which this blog would not exist. If you like architecture, you should get a copy right now. I think I am going to begin with a discussion of the connection between American architecture and European architecture. So, tomorrow: the Greeks and Romans. (I don't have the energy tonight.)
:-)
AV